Perl Programming Tutorial

From Linuxconfig.org

which perl

#!/usr/bin/perl
print "Perl Programming\n";

chmod +x perl_script.pl

print "Perl Programming\n";

chmod +x perl_script.pl

#!/usr/bin/perl
#
print "Perl Programming Tutorial\n";

perl -e 'print "@INC" . "\n";'

$ - Scalar Variable
% - Hash Variable
@ - Array
& - Subroutines

#!/usr/bin/perl

$_ = "Perl Programming default variable.\n";
print;

Defined Function

#!/usr/bin/perl

# declare perl scalar do but not define value
$perl_scalar;
#we can use conditional operator '?:' to test perl defined funtion
$variable = defined($perl_scalar) ? "Variable \$perl_scalar is Defined!"
 : "Variable \$perl_scalar is NOT Defined!";
print $variable."\n";
# declare perl scalar with value
$perl_scalar="perl";
$variable = defined($perl_scalar) ? "Variable \$perl_scalar is Defined!" 
: "Variable \$perl_scalar is NOT Defined!";
print $variable."\n";

Scalars

#!/usr/bin/perl
#Scalars hold just single data type: string, number or perl reference
#Scalars definition in Perl
$scalar_number = -5; 
$scalar_string1 = "In PERL Scalars are always referenced with \x24 in front of each variable name. ";
$scalar_string2 = "5 items";
#Undescore can be use for big numbers 
$scalar_milion = 1_000_000;
#Print scalar values
print $scalar_number."\n";
print $scalar_string1."\n";
print $scalar_string2."\n";
print $scalar_milion."\n";
#perl scalar addition
print $scalar_number + $scalar_milion."\n";

Single-Quoted Strings

#!/usr/bin/perl

#Single-Quoted scalar strings
$scalar_string1='perl';
print "String 1: ".$scalar_string1."\n";
$scalar_string2='#!/usr/bin/perl';
print "String 2: ".$scalar_string2."\n";
$scalar_string3='Perl
Programming
Tutorial';
print "String 3: ".$scalar_string3."\n";
$scalar_string4='Perl\n';
print "String 4: ".$scalar_string4."\n";
$scalar_string5='\'\'\\';
print "String 5: ".$scalar_string5."\n";
$scalar_string6='';
print "String 6: ".$scalar_string6."\n";
$scalar_string7='I\'m reading Perl Programming Tutorial';
print "String 7: ".$scalar_string7."\n";

Double-Quoted Strings

#!/usr/bin/perl

#Double-Quoted scalar strings
$scalar_string1="perl";
print "String 1: ".$scalar_string1."\n";
$scalar_string2="#!/usr/bin/perl";
print "String 2: ".$scalar_string2."\n";
$scalar_string3="Perl
Programming
Tutorial";
print "String 3: ".$scalar_string3."\n";
$scalar_string4="Perl\n";
print "String 4: ".$scalar_string4."\n";
$scalar_string5="\'\'\\\"";
print "String 5: ".$scalar_string5."\n";
$scalar_string6="";
print "String 6: ".$scalar_string6."\n";
# add "!" ASCII character in octal form !=041
$scalar_string7="I\'m reading Perl Programming Tutorial \041";
print "String 7: ".$scalar_string7."\n";
# add "@" ASCII character in hexadecimal form @=40
$scalar_string8="Any feedback about this \uperl \uprogramming
 \ututorial to: web\x40\lL\LINUXCONFIG.ORG\E";
print "String 8: ".$scalar_string8."\n";

String Operators

#!/usr/bin/perl

#Scalar string Operators
$scalar_string1="pe"."rl";
print "String 1: ".$scalar_string1."\n";
$scalar_string2="Perl Programming Tutorial " x (1+1);
print "String 2: ".$scalar_string2."\n";
$scalar_string3="3"."\ttabs" x 3;
print "String 3: ".$scalar_string3."\n";
$scalar_string4="Perl\x20".'Programming '."Tutorial";
print "String 4: ".$scalar_string4."\n";
$scalar_string5=9x5;
print "String 5: ".$scalar_string5."\n";

Non-Decimal Integers

#!/usr/bin/perl

#perl binary integer
$hash_binary_integer = 0b10000;
#perl octal integer
$hash_octal_integer = 020;
#perl hexadecimal integer
$hash_hexadecimal_integer1 = 0x10;
$hash_hexadecimal_integer2 = 0x124c_78_aa;

print $hash_octal_integer."\n";
print $hash_binary_integer."\n";
print $hash_hexadecimal_integer1."\n";
print $hash_hexadecimal_integer2."\n";

Scalar Constant Variable

#!/usr/bin/perl

$ordinary_scalar = 5;
$ordinary_scalar = 10; 

print $ordinary_scalar."\n";

#perl constant declaration
*SCALAR_CONSTANT = 5;
$SCALAR_CONSTANT = 10;

String And Numeric comparison Operators

#!/usr/bin/perl
# String comparison
if ( 'Perl' eq 'perl' ) {
print "TRUE\n";
} else {
print "FALSE\n";
}

# Numeric comparison
if ( '2.4' != '2.6' ) {
print "TRUE\n";
} else {
print "FALSE\n";
}

Lists

#!/usr/bin/perl

#Lists definition in Perl
print ("Perl ","programming ","Tutorial","\n");

Arrays

Create and print array

#!/usr/bin/perl

#CREATE AN ARRAY
@perl_array1 = qw(Perl Programming Tutorial );
@perl_array2 = ("Perl ", "Programing ", "Tutorial", "\n");
@perl_array3 = (1 .. 3);
$perl_array4[0] = "Perl ";
$perl_array4[1] = "Programming ";
$perl_array4[2] = "Tutorial";
$perl_array4[50] = "\n";

#ADD ELEMENTS TO AN ARRAY
$perl_array1[3] = "\n";

#PRINT ARRAY
print @perl_array1;
print @perl_array2;
print @perl_array3;
print $perl_array1[3];
print @perl_array4;
# What index has a last element of an array
print "Last element of perl_array4 has index: " .  $#perl_array4 ."\n";

Push and Pop Arrays

#!/usr/bin/perl

# CREATE AN ARRAY
@perl_array = (1 .. 3);

# PUSH NEW ELEMENT TO THE AND OF AN ARRAY
push(@perl_array, "\n");

# PRINT ARRAY
print  @perl_array;

# POP LAST ELEMENT FROM AN ARRAY
$perl_scalar = pop(@perl_array);
print  @perl_array;

# PRINT NEW LINE
print $perl_scalar;

Determine The Length of an Array

#!/usr/bin/perl

#CREATE AN ARRAY
@perl_array = (1 .. 3);
$number_of_elements = @perl_array;
print "\@perl_array has: " . $number_of_elements  . " elements.\n";
print "\@perl_array has: " . scalar(@perl_array)  . " elements.\n";

Merge and Append Arrrays

#!/usr/bin/perl

#CREATE AN ARRAY

@perl_array1 = (".\n", "easy", "very ") ;
@perl_array2 = ("is ", "Programming ", "Perl ");
@perl_array3 = (@perl_array1, @perl_array2);
# REVERSING ELEMENTS 
print reverse @perl_array3;

Sort Arrays

#!/usr/bin/perl

#CREATE AN ARRAY

@perl_array = (3, 4, 1, 2);
@sorted_array1 = sort @perl_array;
@sorted_array2 = sort {$b <=> $a} @perl_array;

print "@sorted_array1 \n";
print "@sorted_array2 \n";

Delete Element from an Array

#!/usr/bin/perl

#CREATE AN ARRAY
@perl_array = (1, 2, 3, 4);
# CHECK IF THE ARRAY ELEMENT EXISTS
if (exists($perl_array[2])) {
	delete $perl_array[2];
} else {
	print "Array element is mising!\n"
}
print @perl_array, "\n";

Hash

Create Hash

#!/usr/bin/perl

# CREATE HASH
%perl_hash = ( 
	browser => iceweasel,
# you can also use comma instead of arrow operator
	os , linux,
);
# PRINT HASH ELEMENT
print "$perl_hash{'browser'}\n";

Add Element to a Hash

#!/usr/bin/perl

# CREATE HASH
%perl_hash = ( 
	browser => iceweasel,
# you can also use comma instead of arrow operator
	os , linux,
);
# PRINT HASH ELEMENT
print "$perl_hash{'browser'}\n";

# ADD ELEMENTS TO A HASH
%perl_hash = (%perl_hash, programming, perl);

# PRINT ALL ELEMENTS
print join(" ", %perl_hash). "\n";

Print Hash

#!/usr/bin/perl

# CREATE HASH
%perl_hash = qw( 
	ssh 22
	http 80
	https 443
	telnet 23
	postgres 5432
);

while (($hash_key, $hash_value) = each %perl_hash ){
	print "$hash_key uses port $hash_value\n";
}

Merging Hashes

#!/usr/bin/perl

# CREATE HASH
%perl_hash1 = qw( 
	Debian deb
);
%perl_hash2 = qw( 
	RedHat rpm
);
#MERGE HASHES
%perl_hash3 = (%perl_hash1, %perl_hash2);

while (($hash_key, $hash_value) = each %perl_hash3 ){
	print "$hash_key: $hash_value\n";
}

Perl Regular Expressions

Regular Expressions and Special Characters

Match Characters

#!/usr/bin/perl 

foreach(@ARGV) {
# Regex Match lower case and upper case character "p" ( ignores alphabetic case )
	if (m/p/i) {$p1++;}
# Regex Match lower case character "p" only
	if (m/p/) {$p2++;}
# Regex Match two characters "ex" and ignore alphabetic case
	if (m/ex/i) {$ex++;}
}
print "p1=$p1\np2=$p2\nex=$ex\n";

Substitution

Sample File: perl_regex.txt

# Perl Regular Expressions #
# Character Substitute #

#!/usr/bin/perl

open (FILEHANDLE, $ARGV[0]) || die "Problems opening file";

@file=<FILEHANDLE>;

foreach(@file) {
# Substitute "#" with "$" and work globally for each instance found
# NOTE: all metcharacters needs to bu escaped with "\" like in 
# this case "$" is escaped "\$" to be read literally
# Meta characters are: \ | {  [ ( ) ^ $ * + ? .
	s/\#/\$/g;
# Substitute upper case "E" with lower case "e"
	s/E/e/;
# Substitute first match of " " with "_"
	s/\s/\_/;
# Substitute first match of " " with "\"
# Note: Is your choice which substitute form you use s/// or s||| 
	s|\s|\\|;
	print;
}

Substitution with evaluation

In case a string is to be substituted with the output of a function call - rather than static text we can use the evaluation modifier (/e) which evaluates the right hand side as code, rather than a string.

#!/usr/bin/perl

my $text_eval = my $text_noeval = "Here is some texxxt.\n";
$text_noeval =~ s/(xx+)/'(x^'.length($1).')'/;
print "Text without evaluation:".$text_noeval."\n";
$text_eval =~ s/(xx+)/'(x^'.length($1).')'/e;
print "Text with evaluation:".$text_eval."\n";

linuxconfig.org:~$ ./subst_eval.pl
Text without evaluation:Here is some te'(x^'.length(xxx).')'t.

Text with evaluation:Here is some te(x^3)t.

Translation

#!/usr/bin/perl

$string="uSe REgular Expression claSSes TO tRanslatE FroM upPEr case tO lOwER caSe chArActErs";
# Use perl to convert string characters from upper case to lower case
$string =~ tr/A-Z/a-z/;
print "$string\n";
# Use perl to convert string characters from lower case to upper case
$string =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/;
print "$string\n";

Classes

A regular expression surrounded in square brackets is called a character class which matches any single character described by the regular expression.

#!/usr/bin/perl 

foreach(@ARGV) {
# Substitute all characters "except ^" upper case characters and character "e" with "#"  
	s/[^A-Ze]/\#/g;	print;
}
print "\n";

Quantifiers

#!/usr/bin/perl 

@array1 = @ARGV;
@array2 = @ARGV;

print "\@array1 = ";
foreach(@array1) {
# Substitute at least 3 "s" characters
	s/s{3,}/SS/g;	print;
} 
print "\n\@array2 = ";
foreach(@array2) {
# Substitute one or more "s" characters
	s/s+/S/g;	print;
}
print "\n";

Assertion

#!/usr/bin/perl 

foreach(@ARGV) {
# Substitute character "a" and the end of the string with "$"
	s/a$/\$/g;
# Substitute character "a" and the beginning of the string with "^"
	s/^a/\^/g;	
	print;
} 
print "\n";

Multiple Match

#!/usr/bin/perl
# /g match globally
$text="We want to improve your Perl Regular Expressions skills.";
print "Number of Substitutions made: " . ($text =~ s/e/E/);
print "\n$text\n";

$text="We want to improve your Perl Regular Expressions skills.";
print "Number of Substitutions made: " . ($text =~ s/e/E/g);
print "\n$text\n";

Regular Expression Extention

#!/usr/bin/perl

$_="We want you to improve your Perl Regular Expressions skills.";
# Replace space with "#" if it is followed by "to"
s/\s(?=to)/#/g;
print "$_\n";
# Replace space with "_" if it is NOT followed by "s"
s/\s(?!s)/_/g;
print "$_\n";

Grouping

#!/usr/bin/perl 
 
$a=$ARGV[0]; 
 
if ($a =~ /(.*)@(.*)\.(.*)/) { 
print "$1\n$2\n$3\n"; 
}

Perl Subroutines

Create Simple Perl Subroutine

#!/usr/bin/perl
# Lets create subroutine which we can use to check for presence of number in the string.
# Name of the subroutine is numbers_in_string
sub numbers_in_string
{
	if ($mystring =~ /[0-9]/) {
		print "Supplied string contains numbers!\n";
	} else {
		print "Supplied string does NOT contain numbers!\n";
	}
}
# declare global scope variable which means that this variable can be accessed from anywhere in this code.
$mystring="number one";
# perl subroutine calls
numbers_in_string;
$mystring="number 1";
# perl subroutine calls
numbers_in_string;
numbers_in_string($mystring);

Pass and Return Values

#!/usr/bin/perl

sub perl_addition {
# all variable passed to the perl subroutines are stored in special @_ variable
	($number1, $number2) = @_;
# return the result
return  $number1 + $number2 ;
} 
# print result by calling perl_addition() subroutine
print "Number1 + Number2 = " . perl_addition(4, 2) . "\n";

Perl operators

Precedence of Perl operators

#!/usr/bin/perl

print 1 + 2 * 3 + 4 . "\n";
print ((1 + 2) * (3 + 4));
print "\n";
# Print as a function or operator
print ((5 + 5 ) * 5); print "\n";
print (5 + 5 ) * 5; print "\n";
# Use unary + operator to tell perl
# that we are not making print() function call
# but rather using parentheses as a precedence
print +(5 + 5 ) * 5; print "\n";

Arrow operator

#!/usr/bin/perl

$perl_hash{browser} = iceweasel;
$perl_hash_reference= \%perl_hash;
print $perl_hash_reference->{browser} . "\n";

Increment and Decrement operators

#!/usr/bin/perl

$perl_scalar1 = 1;
$perl_scalar2 = 2;
$perl_scalar3 = 'p';
$perl_scalar4 = 'PERL';

print $perl_scalar1++ . " , ";
print $perl_scalar1 . " , ";
print ++$perl_scalar3 . " , ";
print ++$perl_scalar4 . "\n";

Loops

Perl for loop

#!/usr/bin/perl

# Definition of perl for loop
for($for_loop=0;$for_loop<=4;$for_loop++) {
       print "for loop value is:".$for_loop."\n";
       }

Perl while loop

#!/usr/bin/perl
#

$while_loop=5;

# Definition of perl while loop
while ($while_loop>=0) {
       print "while loop value is:".$while_loop."\n";
       $while_loop--;
       }

Perl until loop

#!/usr/bin/perl
#
$until_loop=5;

# Definition of perl until loop
until ($until_loop==0) {
       print "until loop value is:".$until_loop."\n";
       $until_loop--;
       }

Perl foreach loop

#!/usr/bin/perl

#Declare array

@foreach_loop = (" Tutorial\n" , " Scripting" , "Perl" ) ;
foreach $count (reverse @foreach_loop) {
    print $count;
    }

Getting User Input

#!/usr/bin/perl

# getting user input
$user_input = <STDIN>; # also possible to use just (<>)
print $user_input;
# clear user input and remove new line character
chomp($user_input);
print $user_input ." ";

Reading Command Line Arguments

#!/usr/bin/perl
# reading command line arguments with perl
# @ARGV is Perl build-in array which
# contains all arguments passed during command line execution
print join(" ", @ARGV);

print "\n" . $ARGV[0] . $ARGV[1] . $ARGV[2] . $ARGV[3] . $ARGV[4] . $ARGV[5] . "\n"; 

File Handling

Read File Passed from the Command line

#!/usr/bin/perl

# read all files passed by command line as a arguments.
while (<>) {
    print;
}

Open File for Read and Write

#!/usr/bin/perl

# Create filehandle for write called WFILEHANDLE for file perl.txt
# if the file does not exists it will be created. 
open (WFILEHANDLE, ">perl.txt") or die ("Cannot open perl.txt .\n");

# Insert data to perl.txt
print WFILEHANDLE "Perl Programming Tutorial";

#Close filehandle.
close (WFILEHANDLE);

# Create filehandle for read called RFILEHANDLE for file perl.txt
open (RFILEHANDLE, "<perl.txt") or die ("Cannot open perl.txt .\n");

# read file and print to <STDOUT>
while (<RFILEHANDLE>) {
print;
}
print "\n";

Determine Number of Lines in a File

#!/usr/bin/perl

open(FILEHANDLE, $ARGV[0]) or die ("Could not open a given file");

@lines=<FILEHANDLE>;
print "Number of Lines in the file: " . scalar(@lines) . "\n";
# Perl can Print particular line from the file 
print "Line number 23: ". $lines[22] . "/n";

Determine Number of Characters in a File

#!/usr/bin/perl

open(FILEHANDLE, $ARGV[0]) or die ("Could not open a given file");
my $input =0;
while (defined($char = getc FILEHANDLE)) {
$input++;
}
print "Number of characters: " . $input . "\n";
close FILEHANDLE;

Seek position within a File

#!/usr/bin/perl

# seek is helpful perl function, especially with huge files, where sequential access
# may be time consuming and may require lots of processing power. Seek provides quick random access.
# 0 -set the new position in bytes to POSITION
# 1 -set the current position plus POSITION
# 2 -set the new position EOF plus POSITION (often negative)
# use seek function to set position 20000 bytes

open(FILEHANDLE, $ARGV[0]) or die ("Could not open a given file !!");
seek FILEHANDLE, 20000,0;
# use perl tell function to check file position.
print tell FILEHANDLE;
print " -> seek FILEHANDLE, 20000,0 \n";
# Add another 36 bytes
seek FILEHANDLE, 36,1;
print tell FILEHANDLE;
print " -> seek FILEHANDLE, 36,1 \n";
# Return position to byte 10
seek FILEHANDLE, 10,0;
print tell FILEHANDLE;
print " -> seek FILEHANDLE, 10,0 \n";
# Set position to the end of the file (eof)
seek FILEHANDLE, 0,2;
print tell FILEHANDLE;
print " -> seek FILEHANDLE, 0,2 \n";

close FILEHANDLE;

Simple Arithmetics

#!/usr/bin/perl

#perl addition
$addition=5+5.3;
print "Perl Addition:\n5 + 5 = ".$addition."\n";

#perl subtraction
$subtraction=100-23;
print "Perl Subtraction:\n100 - 23 = ".$subtraction."\n";

#perl multiplication
$multiplication=3*9;
print "Perl Multiplication:\n3 x 9 = ".$multiplication."\n";

#perl division
$division=45/5;
print "Perl Division:\n45 : 5 = ".$division."\n";

#perl modulus
$modulus=10%3;
print "Perl Modulus:\n10 % 3 = ".$modulus."\n";

#perl exponential
$exponential=3**4;
print "Perl Exponential:\n3 ** 4 = ".$exponential."\n";

Perl Octal, Hexadecimal, And Decimal Conversions

#!/usr/bin/perl

print "\n";

#perl  bin to dec
#PERL CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO DECIMAL
$decimal_number = 0b10010110;
print "Binary number 10010110 is " . $decimal_number . " in decimal.\n";

#perl  dec to bin
#PERL CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY
$decimal_number = 23451;
$binary_number = unpack("B32", pack("N", $decimal_number));
print "Decimal number " . $decimal_number . " is " . $binary_number .
" in binary.\n\n";

#perl  oct to dec
#PERL CONVERSION FROM OCTAL TO DECIMAL
$octal_number = 224;
$decimal_number =  oct($octal_number);
print "Octal number " . $octal_number . " is " . $decimal_number . "
in decimal.\n";

#perl  dec to oct
#PERL CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO OCTAL
$decimal_number = 8;
$octal_number = sprintf("%o",$decimal_number);
print "Decimal number " . $decimal_number . " is " . $octal_number . "
in octal.\n\n";

#perl  hex to dec
#PERL CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
$hexadecimal_number = "F1";
$decimal_number =  hex($hexadecimal_number);
print "Hexadecimal number " . $hexadecimal_number . " is " .
$decimal_number . " in decimal.\n";

#perl  dec to hex
#PERL CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
$decimal_number= 333;
$hexadecimal_number = sprintf("%x", $decimal_number);
print "Decimal number " . $decimal_number . " is " .
$hexadecimal_number . " in hexadecimal.\n\n";

Create Perl Package

Here is an example of simple perl package: perl_package.pm

# DECLARE PERL PACKAGE
package perl_package;

BEGIN {
# INITIALIZATION CODE
}

# DEFINE PERL PACKAGE
sub package_subroutine {
print "Hello from Perl Package.\n";
}
# TO INDICATE THAT PACKAGE LOADS OK
return 1;

END {
# CLEAN UP CODE
} 

With the following script we can call package subroutine "package_subroutine": test_package.pl

#!/usr/bin/perl

use perl_package;

perl_package::package_subroutine();

Databases connections

Perl MySQL database connection

#!/usr/bin/perl
#
use Mysql;

$mysql_host = "perl_box";
$mysql_database = "perl_connect";
$mysql_user = "perl_programmer";
$mysql_password = "perl";

$perl_mysql_connect = Mysql->connect($mysql_host, $mysql_database,
$mysql_user, $mysql_password);

if ($perl_mysql_connect) {
       print "Perl have created connection to MySQL database!\n"
} else {
       print "Perl could not create connection to MySQL database!\n"
}

Perl PostgreSQL database connection

#!/usr/bin/perl

#load perl postgresql module
use DBI;

$postgresql_database=perl_connect;
$postgresql_user=perl_programmer;
$postgresql_password=perl;
$postgresql_host=perl_box;

# connect to perl to postgresql database
my $perl_postgresql =
DBI->connect("DBI:Pg:dbname=$postgresql_database;host=$postgresql_host",
"$postgresql_user", "$postgresql_password");

if($perl_postgresql) {
       print "Perl established connection to PostgreSQL database\n";
}

Object Oriented Perl

There are many materials focussed on object oriented Perl from the introductory PerlBoot to the more comprehensive PerlToot. In this section are topics or viewpoints which couldn't be found elsewhere.

Template of get/set methods

Below is an example of a script using an object with two pieces of data with a method to set/get each one: varName and varAge.

linuxconfig:~/learn_perl/oo$ $ cat test.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Person;

my $p = Person->new();

$p->varName('Anna');
$p->varAge(30);

print $p->varName." is ".$p->varAge." years old.\n";

Running this function behaves as expected:

linuxconfig:~/learn_perl/oo$ ./test.pl
Anna is 30 years old.

The obvious implementation of this object would be as follows:

linuxconfig:~/learn_perl/oo$ cat Person.pm
package Person;

use strict;
use warnings;

sub new
{
    my $class = shift;

    my $self = {}; bless($self, $class);
    return $self;
}

sub varName
{
        my ($self, $name) = @_;
        if (defined($name)) {
                $self->{NAME} = $name;
        }
        return  $self->{NAME};
};

sub varAge
{
        my ($self, $age) = @_;
        if (defined($age)) {
                $self->{AGE} = $age;
        }
        return  $self->{AGE};
};

1;

The main thing to observe in the code above is that the varName and varAge are identical in functionality. In the example below, we implement both of these methods using a single function template.

linuxconfig:~/learn_perl/oo$ cat Person.pm
package Person;

use strict;
use warnings;

sub new
{
    my $class = shift;

    my $self = {}; bless($self, $class);
    return $self;
}

my @vars = qw(Name Age);
foreach my $var (@vars) {
    no strict 'refs'; # permit the symbolic references to varName, varAge
    *{"var".$var} =
                sub
        {
            my ($self, $stuff) = @_;
            if (defined($stuff)) {
                $self->{uc($var)} = $stuff; # change Name to NAME
            }
            return  $self->{uc($var)};
        };
}


1;

Other Topics

External links

• The Perl Directory - perl.org
• The official Perl home page, run by O'Reilly Media
• Comprehensive Perl Archive Network - CPAN
• PerlBoot - Randal L. Schwartz and Stonehenge Consulting Services, Inc., perl.org
• PerlToot - Tom Christiansen, perl.org